Encyclopedia of Cardiovascular Research and Medicine

Students at upper undergraduate and graduate level. Established academics and clinicians involved in the research and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Students and professionals engaged in biomedical research or training in/practicing clinical medicine. Students, researchers, clinicians, and teaching faculty across the biomedical and medical sciences.

Table of Contents

VOLUME 1
Adult Congenital Heart Disease
D Briston and E Bradley

Adverse Impact of Delayed Electrical Activation of the Heart and Benefits of Cardiac Resynchronization
A Guha and EG Daoud

AL Cardiac Amyloidosis: Classification, Diagnosis, and Treatment
OK Siddiqi and FL Ruberg

Alcohol
C Matsumoto

Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy
A Voiosu, S Wiese, JD Hove, T Voiosu, F Bendtsen, and S Møller

Amyloid Cardiomyopathy
T Sher and MA Gertz

Anemia in Heart Failure
A Patel and NL Altman

Angiogenesis
N Warmke, AMN Walker, and RM Cubbon

Animal Models of Ischemic Heart Disease: From Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis to Myocardial Infarction
R Covarrubias, AS Major, and RJ Gumina

Ankle-Brachial Pressure Index and Pulse Wave Velocity in Cardiovascular Risk Assessment
H Tomiyama and A Yamashina

Aortic Aneurysm
M Singh, BA Ziganshin, and JA Elefteriades

Aortic Valve Replacement in Patients With Congestive Heart Failure
VJ Nardy, JA Crestanello, and NP Jaik

Arrhythmias in Cancer and Cancer Treatment: A Review
D Haddad, A Guha, F Awan, EG Daoud, and R Baliga

Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
MR Afzal, C Evanson, A Cardona, K Rusk, and R Weiss

Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia/Cardiomyopathy
GM Orgeron and H Calkins

Athlete’s Heart
LM Safi and MJ Wood

Atrial Tachycardia—Mechanisms and Management
J Ahmed and P LeLorier

Atrioventricular Node Reentrant Tachycardia
AG Carrizo, B Ballantyne, and A Baranchuk

ATTR Cardiac Amyloidosis: Classification, Diagnosis, and Management
JA Cowgill and JN Wight Jr.

Behavior Modification and Cardiovascular Disease
V Ramirez, B Starobin, and J Monti

Bicuspid Aortic Valve and Sports Activity
L Stefani, G Galanti, and N Maffulli

Bioinformatics Principles for Deciphering Cardiovascular Diseases
L Shu, D Arneson, and X Yang

Biomarkers in Heart Failure, Use of
PU Gandhi

Biomarkers in Ischemic Heart Disease
JT Neumann and RB Schnabel

Biomarkers: Heart Failure
SS Gogia and JE Ho

Biomarkers: Population Screening and Risk-Stratification
I Ratjen, RS Vasan, and W Lieb

Biophysics of Ablation—Radiofrequency and Cryoablation
JG Andrade, MW Deyell, and L Macle

Blood Pressure Variability Versus Blood Pressure Level in Risk Stratification
F-F Wei, K Asayama, A Hara, TW Hansen, Y Li, and JA Staessen

Brugada Syndrome
C Antzelevitch

Cardiac Anatomy, Physiology, and Pathophysiology
KN Hor and AJ Trask

Cardiac and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
A Salerno, W Balkan, K Hatzistergos, and JM Hare

Cardiac Arrhythmia in Heart Failure
T Okabe and SJ Kalbfleisch

Cardiac Biomechanics in Normal Physiology and Disease
KM Broughton

Cardiac Fibroblast
J Park and MD Tallquist

Cardiac Hypertrophy: Signaling and Cellular Crosstalk
D Tirziu

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Heart Failure
A Reynolds and KM Zareba

Cardiac Pacing and Monitoring: Past, Present, and Future
F Chalhoub and T Mela

Cardiac Regeneration and Stem Cells as Therapy for Heart Disease
AJ Favreau-Lessard and DB Sawyer

Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy
G Voros

Cardiac Transplantation
A Hasan

Cardiohepatic Interactions
J Shah and E Shao

Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing
V Franco
Cardiovascular Complications and Management in Sarcoidosis: A Review
DJ Roberts, S Francis, JA Rosenblatt, and ST Coffin

Cardiovascular Disease and Obesity
Y Matsushita

Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia
PJ Kannankeril

Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation (Methods)
JG Andrade, MW Deyell, and L Macle

Catheter Ablation for Ventricular Tachycardia
RM John and WG Stevenson

Cellular Sinoatrial Node and Atrioventricular Node Activity in the Heart
HJ Jansen, TA Quinn, and RA Rose

Chronic Infections of the Heart
M Edwards, C Withers, and K Thakarar

Chronic Kidney Disease as a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease
T Ninomiya

Clinical Assessment of the Cardiac Arrhythmia Patient
B Olshansky

Clinical Management of Inherited Arrhythmias
RL Jones and MV Perez

Clinical Trials for Atrial Fibrillation—What Do We Know?
DS Chew and SB Wilton

Complications of Pregnancy and Future Cardiovascular Risk
PH Andraweera, GA Dekker, M Arstall, T Bianco-Miotto, and CT Roberts

Comprehensive Lifestyle Modification for Hypertension and Lifestyle-Related Disease Under the New Guidelines
Y Kokubo and C Matsumoto

Computational Systems Biology for the VEGF Family in Angiogenesis
JC Weddell and PI Imoukhuede

Congenital Heart Valve Disease in the Adult
A Luk, J Alvarez, and J Butany

Coronary Anatomy
M Sivananthan

Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
RS Kramer, JR Morton, RC Groom, and DL Robaczewski

Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease
MS Renno and JA Johns

VOLUME 2
Dairy Products and Cardiovascular Diseases
M Yanagi, N Amano, and T Nakamura

Diabetes Mellitus
H Sone

Diagnosis and Imaging of Congenital Heart Disease
SR Fuchs and JH Soslow

Diagnosis of Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI)
M Vafaie and E Giannitsis

Diet in Heart Failure
M Rozmahel, E Colin-Ramirez, and JA Ezekowitz

Dietary Fat and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease
ES Eshak, K Yamagishi, and H Iso

Digital Data (mHealth and Social Media)
R Bhattacharjee and T Hussein

Diseases of the Mitral Valve
L Mc Carthy and P Collier

Diuretic Therapy
A Vazir, V Sundaram, and AR Harper

Driving and Syncope
D Sorajja and W-K Shen

Echocardiography in Heart Failure
T Chen and JN Kirkpatrick

Echocardiography: Assessment of Valve Structure and Function
S Vallurupalli, A Siraj, and S Kenchaiah

Economics of Heart Failure
S Stewart, C Mainland, and A David

Electrocardiographic Monitoring Strategies (Holter, Implantable Loop Recorder, in Between)
H Nazzari, L Halperin, and AD Krahn

Electrophysiology Approaches for Ventricular Tachycardia
RM John and W Stevenson

Emergency Medicine Approach and Management of Traumatic Injuries: An Overview
E Lavine and E Legome

Environmental Air Pollution: An Emerging Risk Factor for Stroke
B Delpont, AS Mariet, C Blanc, Y Bejot, M Giroud, and J Reis

Environmental Risk Factors for Stroke and Cardiovascular Disease
J Reis, M Giroud, and Y Kokubo

Epidemiology of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease
N Townsend

Epigenomics
TA Turunen, M-A Väänänen, and S Ylä-Herttuala

Exercise and Cardiac Rehabilitation in Heart Failure
SR Schubert

Exercise, Physical Activity, and Cardiovascular Disease
A Bauman, M Alharbi, N Lowres, R Gallagher, and E Stamatakis

Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
A Kilic

Familial Hypercholesterolemia
A Pirillo and AL Catapano

Frailty in Heart Failure Patients
S Pedraza, TA Barrett, and CM Hritz

Genetic Atrial Fibrillation
R Chia, A Mehta, H Huang, and D Darbar

Genetic Disorders Involving Valve Function
M Afshar and G Thanassoulis

Genetic Disorders of the Vasculature
AJ Brownstein, BA Ziganshin, and JA Elefteriades

Genetics of Heart Failure
A Briasoulis, R Asleh, and N Pereira

Heart Development
E Dees and S Baldwin

Heart Failure in African Americans
M Jame, S Jame, and M Colvin

Heart Failure in Cancer Patients
A Vallakati, B Konda, and R Baliga

Heart Failure in Low- to Middle-Income Countries
S Stewart, F Taylor, and AK Keates

Heart Failure in Minorities
ER Fox, ME Hall, JD Pollard, SK Musani, CJ Rodriguez, and RS Vasan

Heart Failure in the Elderly
S Katsanos and J Parissis

Heart Failure Monitoring
ES Shao

Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction
S Day

Heart Regeneration with Stem Cell Therapies
M Natsumeda, BA Tompkins, V Florea, AC Rieger, M Banerjee, W Balkan, and JM Hare

Heart–Lung Transplantation
B LeNoir, M Malik, and BA Whitson

Hemodynamic Changes of Pregnancy
P Divanji and NI Parikh

Hemodynamics of the Right Heart in Health and Disease
DM Gopal and A Alsamarah

Hormonal Therapy in the Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure
R Napoli, A Salzano, E Bossone, and A Cittadini

Hypertensive Heart Disease
MU Moreno, A González, B López, S Ravassa, J Beaumont, G San José, R Querejeta, and J Díez

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
LK Williams

VOLUME 3
Imaging of Mitral Regurgitation
JB Strom, KF Faridi, and CW Tsao

Imaging: CT Scanning of the Heart and Great Vessels
M Eid, MH Albrecht, CN De Cecco, D De Santis, A Varga-Szemes, D Caruso, VW Lesslie, and UJ Schoepf

Imaging: Echocardiology—Assessment of Cardiac Structure and Function
D Bamira and MH Picard

Immune Mechanisms in Cardiac Physiology
SM Peterson, DJ Roberts, and S Ryzhov

Immune-Mediated Mechanisms of Atherosclerosis
M Bäck, DFJ Ketelhuth, S Malin, PS Olofsson, G Paulsson-Berne, Z-Q Yan, and GK Hansson

Implanted Pacemakers—Indications and Novel Programming
R Willems

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell–Derived Cardiomyocytes in Advancing Cardiovascular Medicine
C Zhang, AG Cadar, and CC Hong

Infective Endocarditis in 21st Century
VV Kandasamy, S Pant, and JL Mehta

Inflammatory and Infectious Disorders of the Aorta
V Noori, B Nolan, and C Healey

Inotropes in Heart Failure
M Ginwalla and C Bianco

Interventions: Endomyocardial Biopsy
B Kherad, U Kühl, and C Tschöpe

Intra-aortic Balloon Pumps (IABP) and Percutaneous Ventricular Assist Devices (VADs)
NK Kapur and ML Esposito

Ion Channelopathy Genetics
A Adler and MH Gollob

Ischemic Cardiomyopathy
S Airhart and S Murali

Kidney in Heart Failure
DN Pratt and A Diez

Lead-Related Complications
B Mondesert and R Parkash

Left and Right Ventricular Remodeling
D Pinkhas and X Gao

Left Ventricular Assist Device (LVAD) and Circulatory Devices in Heart Failure
P Lee

Left-Sided Obstructive Congenital Heart Lesions: Including Hypoplastic Left Heart
CJ Prendergast and GT Nicholson

Lipid-Mediated Mechanisms in Atherosclerosis
Q Liu, J Martinez, J Hodge, and D Fan

Lipids and Cardiovascular Diseases: Epidemiologic Perspectives
T Okamura, D Sugiyama, T Hirata, K Kuwabara, and A Hirata

Long QT Syndrome and Torsade de Pointes
N El-Sherif, G Turitto, and M Boutjdir

Management and Care of Older Cardiac Patients
AA Damluji, A Ramireddy, and DE Forman

Management of Cardiac Sarcoidosis
L Alghothani and ED Crouser

Management of Patients With Implantable Cardiac Devices Referred for Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Rapidly Changing Landscape
I Roifman and JA White

Management of Pregnancy With Underlying Congenital and Acquired Cardiac Disease
AM Moran

Management of Ventricular Tachycardia in Ischemic and Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy
A AbdelWahab, VP Kuriachan, GL Sumner, LB Mitchell, and J Sapp

Managing Cardiovascular Disease in Sport and Athletes
AB Shah and AL Baggish

Mechanisms of Cardiac Arrhythmias: Molecular and Cellular Perspective
P Zhabyeyev and GY Oudit

Medical Management of Left Ventricular Assist Devices
S Emani

Metabolomics in Cardiovascular Research
V Salomaa and M Inouye

MicroRNAs in Cardiac Development and Function
Y Tian

Microvasculature in Health and Disease
JE Beare, L Curtis-Whitchurch, AJ LeBlanc, and JB Hoying

Mitochondrial Bioenergetics in the Heart
EJ Lesnefsky, Q Chen, B Tandler, and CL Hoppel

Modern Considerations in ICD Therapy
TD Richardson and CR Ellis

MR Imaging of the Heart and the Great Vessels
U Neisius and C Tsao

Myocardial Perfusion Imaging
RB Morgan

Myocardial Repair
K Breckwoldt and T Eschenhagen

Myocarditis
ALP Caforio, G Malipiero, R Marcolongo, and S Iliceto

Myocarditis in Heart Failure
G Sinagra, J Artico, P Gentile, E Fabris, R Bussani, A Cannatà, and M Merlo

Neurohormonal Blockade
L Cunningham, W Kayani, and A Deswal

Neurological Regulation of the Circulation
DN Jackson, NM Novielli, and J Twynstra

Noninfective Inflammatory Disorders of the Pericardium
B Ravaee and BD Hoit

Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome Prognosis
H Haghbayan, CP Gale, and AT Yan

Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Management
M Cimci, B Gencer, and M Roffi

Nutrition—Macronutrients
T Nakamura and S Kuranuki

Nutrition: Soy and Fish
Y Yamori, M Sagara, H Mori, and M Mori

Obesity and the Obesity Paradox in Heart Failure
AA Oktay, CJ Lavie, and HO Ventura

Oral Health and Cardiovascular Disease: Recent Findings and Future View With a Novel Aspect
T Ono, M Kida, T Kosaka, and M Kikui

Orthostatic Hypotension and Vasovagal Syncope
BH Shaw, Jessica Ng, and SR Raj

VOLUME 4
Palliative Care in Advanced Heart Failure
M Ginwalla and BP Dhakal

Pediatric Catheter Ablation
AE Radbill, FA Fish, and TP Graham Jr.

Perioperative Management in Heart Failure
C Mayeur and A Mebazaa

Peripartum Cardiomyopathy
LJ Hassen and S Roble

Peripheral Arterial Disease
K Matsushita, A Barleben, and M Allison

Pharmacogenomics of Antiarrhythmic Drug Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation
D Darbar
Pharmacology of Medications Used in the Treatment of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease
R Khatib and F Wilson

Physical Examination: Heritable Cardiovascular Syndromes
K Puri and JP Zachariah

Physical Examination: Normal Examination in Adult Acquired and Congenital Heart Disease
TR Schlingmann and JP Zachariah

Physiological Adaptations of the Heart in Elite Athletes
A D’Andrea, J Radmilovich, L Riegler, R Scarafile, B Liccardo, T Formisano, A Carbone, R America, F Martone, M Scherillo, M Galderisi, and R Calabrò

Practical Guide to Evidence-Based Management of Heart Failure in the Outpatient Setting
AM Maw, RL Page II, and RS Boxer

Preclinical Cardiovascular Imaging
I Pinz

Preeclampsia and Hypertension in Pregnancy
N Jafar, N Hippalgaonkar, and NI Parikh

Pregnancy and Cardiovascular Disease
R Neki

Proteomics
G Suna and M Mayr

Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
R El Yafawi, ME Knauft, K Stokem, JM Palminteri, and JA Wirth

Pulmonary Embolism
SC Berngard and J Mandel

Pulmonary Hypertension
DR Fraidenburg and JX-J Yuan

Pulmonary Hypertension Associated With Left-Sided Heart Disease
DN Tukaye and V Franco

Quality Indicators for the Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction
O Bebb, M Hall, and C Gale

Recreational Drugs: Effects on the Heart and Cardiovascular System
B Starobin, S Jablonski, AM Andrle, and JB Powers

Relationship Between Vegetables and Fruits (Antioxidant Vitamins, Minerals, and Fiber) Intake and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease
J Ishihara, M Umesawa, C Okada, Y Kokubo, and H Iso

Remission and Recovery in Heart Failure
JS Guseh and JE Ho

Remote Monitoring of Cardiovascular Implantable Electronic Devices
B Plourde and R Parkash

Right Heart Catheterization
BC Lampert

Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease
EJ Teufel

Risk Prediction
H Yatsuya

Role of Coronary Artery Revascularization in Heart Failure
B Shukrallah, A Kilic, and T Lescouflair

Role of Digoxin in Heart Failure
A Bucca

Role of Echocardiography in Selection, Implantation, and Management of Left Ventricular Assist Device Therapy
M Dandel and R Hetzer

Salt and Blood Pressure
Y Yano

Sex and Gender Differences in Cardiovascular Disease
L Mathews, P Chandrashekar, M Prasad, VM Miller, K Sharma, T Sedlak, CN Bairey Merz, and P Ouyang

Sex Differences in the Physiology and Pathology of the Aging Heart
A Ghimire, AE Kane, and SE Howlett

Signaling in Cardiac Physiology and Disease
S Mukherjee, S Srikanthan, and SV Naga Prasad

Sinus Tachycardias: Inappropriate Sinus Tachycardia and Postural Tachycardia Syndrome
BH Shaw, J Ng, and SR Raj

Skeletal Muscle in Heart Failure
S Scheetz and R Baliga

Sleep and Circadian Cardiovascular Medicine
K Kario

Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Heart Failure Interactions and Controversies
WJ Healy and R Khayat

Socioeconomic Factors and CVD
M Kabayama and K Kamide

Stage A Heart Failure: Identification and Management of Heart Failure Risk Factors
KM Alexander and M Nayor

Stage B Heart Failure
J Aljabban, R Baliga, and I Aljabban

STEMI: Diagnosis
PE Puddu, E Cenko, B Ricci, and R Bugiardini

STEMI: Management
R Beatrice, M Olivia, E Cenko, and R Bugiardini

STEMI: Prognosis
E Cenko, B Ricci, and R Bugiardini

Structure and Function of the Adult Vertebrate Cardiovascular System
JD Schultz and DM Bader

Sudden Cardiac Death
GL Sumner, VP Kuriachan, and LB Mitchell

Surgical Management of Atrial Fibrillation
G Shanmugam, D Exner, and R Damiano

Takotsubo Syndrome
MH Tranter and AR Lyon

Tobacco and Cardiovascular Diseases
H Kanda and T Hisamatsu

Total Artificial Heart
T Lee and G Torregrossa

Transcriptomics in Cardiovascular Medicine
D Börnigen and T Zeller

Transcriptome and Epigenome Applications for Coronary Heart Disease Research
R Joehanes

Transplant Arteriosclerosis
JC Choy

Trends in the Incidence and Mortality of Cardiovascular Disease
J Hata

Ultrafiltration for the Treatment of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure
S Emani

Unstable Angina: Presentation, Diagnosis, and Management 606
P Manning and EH Awtry

Vascular Guidance Cues
D Valdembri, G Serini, and N Gioelli

Vascular Repair at the Interface of the Endothelium: The Roles of Protease-Activated Receptors and Neuregulin-1
CL Galindo, O Odiete, and JH Cleator

Vasculogenesis in Development
SC Chetty, K Choi, and S Sumanas

Ventricular Arrhythmias and Sudden Cardiac Death in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
MA Cain and MS Link

Ventricular Assist Devices and Heart Transplantation
A Kinsella, Y Moayedi, V Rao, HJ Ross, and J Butany

Ventricular Fibrillation and Defibrillation
H Kawata and U Birgersdotter-Green

Ventricular Remodeling in Heart Failure
I Aquila and AM Shah

Ventricular Tachycardia in Ischemic and Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Mechanisms and Diagnosis
VP Kuriachan, GL Sumner, AA Wahab, J Sapp, and LB Mitchell

Ventricular Tachycardia in Structurally Normal Hearts
AG Bhatt and S Mitta

Wide QRS Complex Tachycardia: What is the Diagnosis?
S Wang and FR Quinn

Wolff–Parkinson–White and Preexcitation Syndromes
B Brembilla-Perrot

Zebrafish
X-XI Zeng and TP Zhong

Zebrafish as a Tool to Study Congenital Heart Diseases
AM Shafik and D Cifuentes

Index